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1 weak continuity
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > weak continuity
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2 weak continuity
Математика: слабая непрерывность -
3 weak continuity
мат. -
4 continuity
1) непрерывность, неразрывность2) целостность, связность3) сплошность•by continuity — матем. по условию неразрывности; по условию непрерывности
domain of continuity — матем. область непрерывности
expansion by continuity — матем. расширение по непрерывности
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5 слабая непрерывность
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > слабая непрерывность
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6 condition
1) положение; ситуация2) условие || обусловливать, ставить условие3) состояние || приводить в определённое состояние4) кондиция || кондиционировать5) pl обстановка, условия; режим•on condition that — при условии, что
under conditions of a problem — матем. по условиям задачи
to satisfy a condition — мат. удовлетворять условию
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7 principle
1) правило; принцип2) закон3) начало, первооснова, (перво)источник•- distributed maximum principle - least number principle - principle of adiabatic invariance - principle of contraction mapping - principle of extension of inequalities - principle of fixed point - principle of harmonic balance - principle of harmonic measure - principle of hyperbolic measure - principle of least squares - principle of length and area - principle of mathematical induction - principle of maximum likelihood - principle of point estimation - principle of stationary phase - principle of stochastic balance - principle of transfinite induction - principle of unsufficient reason - virtual work principle - weak likelihood principle -
8 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
9 solution
səˈlu:ʃən сущ.
1) а) растворение б) раствор;
мед. микстура, жидкое лекарство saline solution ≈ соляной раствор strong solution ≈ крепкий раствор weak solution ≈ слабый раствор
2) решение, разрешение (вопроса и т. п.) to apply a solution ≈ применять решение to find a solution ≈ найти решение easy solution ≈ простое решение glib solution ≈ простое решение ideal solution ≈ идеальное решение ingenious solution ≈ оригинальное решение neat solution ≈ изящное решение satisfactory solution ≈ удовлетворительное решение решение;
разрешение (проблемы и т. п.) ;
объяснение - * of a difficulty выход из затруднения - * of one's doubts разрешение чьих-либо сомнений - * to (for) a puzzle решение загадки, ключ к загадке;
ответ к кроссворду - * of a question решение вопроса - * to a grievance удовлетворение жалобы (медицина) разрешение болезни;
окончание болезни (медицина) кризис( в течении болезни) растворение, распускание - * of sugar in tea растворение сахара в чае раствор - chemical (saturated, strong, weak) * химический (насыщенный, крепкий, слабый) раствор - to make (to mix) a * приготовить раствор растворенное состояние - to hold some substance in * держать какое-либо вещество в растворе( растворенным) - his ideas are still in * его взгляды все еще не сформировались микстура, жидкое лекарство( специальное) разрыв, прерывность;
раздробление - * of connection разрыв (нарушение) связи - * of continuity разрыв непрерывности;
нарушение преемственности;
(медицина) разрыв (нарушение) целостности тканей обрабатывать или покрывать раствором algorithm architecture ~ вчт. реализация алгоритма с учетом архитектуры машины asymptotic ~ асимптотическое решение asymptotical ~ асимптотическое решение balanced-growth ~ решение для модели сбалансированного роста basic ~ основное решение complex ~ комплексное решение compromise ~ компромиссное решение continuous ~ непрерывное решение damped ~ затухающее решение degenerate ~ вырожденное решение discrete ~ дискретное решение dual feasible ~ возможное решение двойственной задачи dual feasible ~ план двойственной задачи equilibrium ~ равновесное решение equitable ~ справедливое решение farsighted ~ дальновидное решение feasible ~ допустимое решение final ~ окончательное решение forward-looking ~ дальновидное решение graphic ~ графическое решение graphical ~ графическое решение ~ решение, разрешение (вопроса и т. п.) ;
объяснение;
his ideas are in solution его взгляды еще не установились initial ~ исходное решение least-squares ~ решение методом наименьших квадратов locally optimal ~ локально оптимальное решение minimizing ~ минимизирующее решение nondegenerate ~ невырожденное решение nonoptimal ~ неоптимальное решение numerical ~ численное решение optimal ~ оптимальное решение optimum ~ оптимальное решение package ~ комплексное решение partial ~ частное решение probabilistic ~ вероятностное решение propose a ~ предлагать решение provisional ~ предварительное решение pseudo-dual ~ решение псевдодвойственной задачи pure-strategy ~ решение в чистых стратегиях regular ~ регулярное решение singular ~ особое решение solution исполнение обязательств ~ мед. микстура, жидкое лекарство ~ мед. окончание болезни, разрешение ~ очистка долга ~ разрешение, решение (вопроса и т.п.) ~ разрешение проблемы ~ раствор ~ растворение;
распускание ~ решение, разрешение (вопроса и т. п.) ;
объяснение;
his ideas are in solution его взгляды еще не установились ~ решение ~ of game вчт. решение игры tailored ~ решение, принятое с учетом поправок task ~ решение задачи temporary ~ временное решение trial-and-error ~ решение методом проб и ошибок unique ~ однозначное решение variable ~ продуктивное решение zero ~ нулевое решениеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > solution
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10 solution
1. [səʹlu:ʃ(ə)n] n1. решение; разрешение (проблемы и т. п.); объяснениеsolution of one's doubts - разрешение чьих-л. сомнений
solution to /for/ a puzzle - решение загадки, ключ к загадке; ответ к кроссворду
2. мед.1) разрешение болезни; окончание болезни2) кризис ( в течении болезни)3. растворение, распускание4. растворchemical [saturated, strong, weak] solution - химический [насыщенный, крепкий, слабый] раствор
to make /to mix/ a solution - приготовить раствор
5. растворённое состояниеto hold some substance in solution - держать какое-л. вещество в растворе /растворённым/
6. микстура, жидкое лекарство7. спец. разрыв, прерывность; раздроблениеsolution of connection - разрыв /нарушение/ связи
2. [səʹlu:ʃ(ə)n] vsolution of continuity - а) разрыв непрерывности; нарушение преемственности; б) мед. разрыв /нарушение/ целостности тканей
обрабатывать или покрывать раствором -
11 measure
nounмера fautomorphism of а measure space автоморфизм m пространства с меройBaire measure бэровская мера, мера Бэраcompactness of a family of measures компактность f семейства мерcompletion of а measure пополнение n мерыconvergence in measure сходимость f по мереcylindrical measure цилиндриче- ская мера, квазимера f, промера fextension of а measure продолжение n мерыflatly concentrated family of probability measures плоско концентрированное семейство вероятностных мерgeneralized measure обобщенная/знакопеременная мера, заряд mLevy measure мера Леви/скачковmeasure space пространство n с меройnet of measures сеть f мерoperator valued measure операторнозначная/операторная мераproduct measure произведение n мерRadon measure радонова мера, внутренне компактно регулярная мераrelative compactness of a family of measures относительная компактность семейства мерsigned measure знакопеременная/обобщенная мера, заряд msingular component of a measure сингулярная составляющая/компонента мерыsplicing of measures сращение n мерstochastic integral with respect to a random measure стохастический интеграл по случайной мереstochastic measure стохастическая/случайная мераАнглийский-русский словарь по теории вероятностей, статистике и комбинаторике > measure
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12 axiom
аксиома, постулат -
13 expansion
1) протяженность; пространство2) метал. развальцовка3) матем. разложение ( в ряд)4) растяжение; расширение; распространение; экспансия5) геол. увеличение мощности пласта•expansion by binomial theorem — матем. разложение по формуле бинома
expansion by continuity — матем. расширение по непрерывности
expansion by heat — физ. расширение при нагревании
expansion into a series — матем. разложение в ряд
expansion in terms of — разложение в ряд по...
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14 theorem
- analytical hierarchy theorem - arithmetical hierarchy theorem - closed range theorem - formally provable theorem - implicit function theorem - initial value theorem - integral representation theorem - local limit theorem - maximal ergodic theorem - mean value theorem - normal form theorem - ratio limit theorem - rational root theorem - second mean value theorem - theorem of consistency proofs - theorem of corresponding states - three line theorem - three series theorem - uniform convergence theorem - uniform ergodic theorem - uniform mean value theoremtheorem implies — из теоремы следует, что…
См. также в других словарях:
Solution of continuity — Solution So*lu tion (s[ o]*l[=u] sh[u^]n), n. [OE. solucion, OF. solucion, F. solution, fr. L. solutio, fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, dissolve. See {Solve}.] 1. The act of separating the parts of any body, or the condition of undergoing a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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China — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. People s Republic of, a country in E Asia. 1,221,591,778; 3,691,502 sq. mi. (9,560,990 sq. km). Cap.: Beijing. 2. Republic of. Also called Nationalist China. a republic consisting mainly of the island of Taiwan off the SE coast … Universalium
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France — /frans, frahns/; Fr. /frddahonns/, n. 1. Anatole /ann nann tawl /, (Jacques Anatole Thibault), 1844 1924, French novelist and essayist: Nobel prize 1921. 2. a republic in W Europe. 58,470,421; 212,736 sq. mi. (550,985 sq. km). Cap.: Paris. 3.… … Universalium
India — /in dee euh/, n. 1. Hindi, Bharat. a republic in S Asia: a union comprising 25 states and 7 union territories; formerly a British colony; gained independence Aug. 15, 1947; became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations Jan. 26, 1950.… … Universalium
United Kingdom — a kingdom in NW Europe, consisting of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: formerly comprising Great Britain and Ireland 1801 1922. 58,610,182; 94,242 sq. mi. (244,100 sq. km). Cap.: London. Abbr.: U.K. Official name, United Kingdom of Great… … Universalium
education — /ej oo kay sheuhn/, n. 1. the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life. 2. the act or process of… … Universalium
Italy — /it l ee/, n. a republic in S Europe, comprising a peninsula S of the Alps, and Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, and other smaller islands: a kingdom 1870 1946. 57,534,088; 116,294 sq. mi. (301,200 sq. km). Cap.: Rome. Italian, Italia. * * * Italy… … Universalium
Russia — /rush euh/, n. 1. Also called Russian Empire. Russian, Rossiya. a former empire in E Europe and N and W Asia: overthrown by the Russian Revolution 1917. Cap.: St. Petersburg (1703 1917). 2. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 3. See Russian… … Universalium
